What are the differences between sheikh, emir, sultan and caliph?

sultan kingSheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi (Arabic: سلطان بن محمد القاسمي, romanized: Sulṭān bin Muḥammad al-Qāsimī; born 2 July 1939) is an Emirati politician, author, historian, andThe Sultanate of Yogyakarta, officially the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat [9] (Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡ ꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, romanized: Kasultanan